For Institutions: Our Model
The Comprehensive Care for Older Adults With HIV uses a team approach to meet the myriad needs of older adults with HIV and their caregivers. As a demonstration program, we provide materials to enable institutions to establish their own versions of this model.
The key to the process is an in-office visit that includes patient assessments and interventions conducted by members of the team. The team includes a geriatrician, a pharmacist, a nurse, a social worker, and a community health care worker (CHW). All team members follow the standard of care in geriatric practices.
CHWs are the backbone of the program, serving as patient navigators, advocates, and educators. They guide the patient’s clinic visits with the team members. The material and tools we provide are designed to strengthen the CHW’s integration into the team.
Staff Time Commitment
Our team has allocated one day a week to this demonstration project. Other programs may be able to dedicate more—or less—time to a program for older HIV patients depending on available staffing. For a one-day-a-week effort, we use the following staffing levels. You can assess and modify this based on your resources and need:
- CHW: Full-time equivalent (FTE) – 0.5, including time outside of clinic visit
- Geriatrician: FTE – 0.2
- Registered Nurse: FTE – 0.2
- Social Worker: FTE – 0.1 to 0.2 tailored to pre-existing available case management
- Pharmacist: FTE – 0.2
Workforce Development
The CHW is the linchpin of this model. To help ensure that the CHW receives appropriate support, we offer the following guidance:
- CHW Job Description and Hiring Guidance
- CHW Training Curriculum
- Interdisciplinary Care Team Retreat to Map and Coordinate Roles
Assessments and Screenings
The program uses a variety of validated screening tools and assessments to identify potential risks and determine areas where patients might need additional care or support to prevent illness and manage their health. We use the appropriate tools based on the reason for the referral. While these tools are non-diagnostic, they can help identify risks of certain conditions, health outcome changes, and quality of life issues. As a fully integrated team member, the CHW does many of these screenings.
Clinical Screening Tools
The clinical screening tools we use are organized by the 6Ms framework, and include:
Mobility
Activities of Daily Living Assessment: This test helps us identify how best to support a patient’s function at home.
Duration: Five minutes
Administered by: CHW
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale: This scale assesses more complex activities, which are necessary to function in a community setting. These activities include shopping, cooking, and managing finance.
Duration: Five minutes
Administered by: CHW
Two-Item Falls Screening Questionnaire: This tool evaluates the likelihood of falling.
Duration: One minute
Administered by: Registered nurse
Mind
Four-Item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) for Anxiety and Depression: Called the PHQ-4, this test quickly and accurately identifies core symptoms and signs of depression and anxiety.
Duration: < Five minutes
Administered by: CHW
Nine-Item PHQ: Called the PHQ-9, this instrument screens, diagnoses, monitors, and measures the severity of depression. We use this if the PHQ-4 is positive for depression.
Duration: < Five minutes
Administered by: CHW
General Anxiety Disorder-7: This test screens, diagnoses, monitors, and measures the severity of anxiety. We use it if the PHQ-4 test is positive for anxiety to gather additional information.
Duration: < Five minutes
Administered by: CHW
Mini-cog and/or the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): The Mini-cog is a brief instrument to screen for cognitive impairment. MoCA is a screening instrument for cognitive dysfunction with high sensitivity. MoCA looks at different areas: attention and concentration, executive function, memory, language, visuospatial skills, conceptual thinking, calculations, and orientation.
Duration: < Five minutes for Mini-cog; 10-15 minutes for MoCA
Administered by: Medical doctor or nurse practitioner
UCLA 3-Item Loneliness Scale: This tool assesses feelings of loneliness by measuring relational connectedness, social connectedness, and self-perceived isolation.
Duration: < Five minutes
Administered by: CHW
Medications
Polypharmacy assessment: This series of assessments determines if the patient is taking medications that are appropriate and can be used with other drugs. It considers the number of medications, Beers criteria (a list of medication that could be harmful or whose side effects might outweigh its benefits), anticholinergic burden score American Geriatrics Society 2023 updated AGS Beers Criteria® for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults (to assesses risk of cognitive or functional impairment, falls, or mortality), and drug-drug interactions.
Duration: 5-15 minutes
Administered by: Pharmacist
Multi-Complexity
FRAIL scale: This scale looks at fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illness, and weight loss. Scores range from 0–5 (i.e., one point for each component; 0=best to 5=worst). The score indicates that the person is frail (three-five), pre-frail (one-two), or robust (zero).
Duration: < Five minutes
Administered by: CHW and medical doctor
Veterans Aging Cohort Study Index: This tool incorporates general health (age, hemoglobin, Fibrosis-4 Index for Liver Fibrosis, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hepatitis C virus) and HIV-specific clinical data. It assesses overall health and risk of mortality.
Duration: < Five minutes
Administered by: Medical doctor
Geriatric Review of Systems: This group of clinical assessments gathers information on appetite, sleep, mood, constipation, hearing, vision, dental issues, urinary incontinence, falls, and cognition.
Duration: 5-10 minutes
Administered by: Medical doctor
What Matters Most
Screening for Health Care Proxy: If the patient doesn’t have a health care proxy, the nurse will discuss the topic.
Duration: < Five minutes
Administered by: Registered nurse
Modifiable Issues
While there is no formal screening tool, the geriatrician will inquire about lifestyle, diet, physical activity, socialization, and sexual activity.
Duration: 5-10 minutes
Administered by: Medical doctor