Mononucleosis spot test
Monospot test; Heterophile antibody test; Heterophile agglutination test; Paul-Bunnell test; Forssman antibody test
The mononucleosis spot test looks for 2 antibodies in the blood. These antibodies appear during or after an infection with the virus that causes mononucleosis, or mono.
This so-called Downy cell is typical of lymphocytes infected by EBV (Epstein Barr Virus) or CMV (Cytomegalovirus) in infectious mononucleosis. Downy cells may be classified as types I, II, or III. This is a type II Downy cell.
Infectious mononucleosis causes a sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes, and fatigue. The throat may appear red and the tonsils covered with a whitish material. Mononucleosis and severe streptococcal tonsillitis appear quite similar. Unless there are other findings to suggest mononucleosis, a throat culture and blood studies may be necessary to make an accurate diagnosis.
A throat swab can be used to determine if Group A Streptococcus bacteria is the cause of pharyngitis in a patient.
Blood is drawn from a vein (venipuncture), usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. A needle is inserted into the vein, and the blood is collected in an air-tight vial or a syringe. Preparation may vary depending on the specific test.
Antigens are large molecules (usually proteins) on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi, bacteria, and some non-living substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs, and foreign particles. The immune system recognizes antigens and produces antibodies that destroy substances containing antigens.
How the Test is Performed
A blood sample is needed.
How to Prepare for the Test
No special preparation is necessary.
How the Test will Feel
When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or a slight bruise. This soon goes away.
Why the Test is Performed
The mononucleosis spot test is done when symptoms of mononucleosis are present. Common symptoms include:
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Large spleen (possibly)
- Sore throat
- Tender lymph nodes along the back of the neck
This test looks for antibodies called heterophile antibodies, which form in the body during the infection.
Normal Results
A negative test means there were no heterophile antibodies detected. Most of the time, this means you do not have infectious mononucleosis.
Sometimes, the test may be negative because it was done too soon (within 1 to 2 weeks) after the illness started. Your health care provider may repeat the test to make sure you do not have mono.
What Abnormal Results Mean
A positive test means heterophile antibodies are present. These are most often a sign of mononucleosis. Your provider will also consider other blood test results and your symptoms. A small number of people with mononucleosis may never have a positive test.
The highest number of antibodies occurs 2 to 5 weeks after mono begins. They may be present for up to 1 year.
In rare cases, the test is positive even though you do not have mono. This is called a false-positive result, and it may occur in people with:
- Hepatitis
- Leukemia or lymphoma
- Rubella
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Toxoplasmosis
Risks
Veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another and from one side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others.
Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include:
- Excessive bleeding
- Fainting or feeling lightheaded
- Hematoma (blood buildup under the skin)
- Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)
References
Ball JW,Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW. Lymphatic system. In: Ball JW,Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW, eds. Siedel’s Guide to Physical Examination. 10th ed. St Louis, MO:Elsevier; 2023:chap 10.
JohannsenEC, Kaye KM. Epstein-Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis, Epstein-Barrvirus-associated malignant diseases, and other diseases). In: Bennett JE, DolinR, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practiceof Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 138.
WeinbergJB. Epstein-Barr virus. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, TaskerRC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed.Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 281.
Version Info
Last reviewed on: 3/10/2022
Reviewed by: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Associate Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
