Animal bites - self-care
Bites - animals - self-care
An animal bite may not appear to be life-threatening, but if left untreated the bite can lead to a serious infection. An animal bite should be cleaned properly, and the wound should be observed for any sign of infection.
Animal bites are injuries that result when flesh is torn between the teeth of an animal. First aid for a bite includes washing minor wounds, applying pressure and dressing with a clean cloth until bleeding subsides. If the animal is wild or domestic but not vaccinated there may be a concern about rabies. When possible the animal must be quarantined or autopsied to determine if it is rabid. A physician will make the decision about rabies prophylaxis.
To treat a minor bite, first wash your hands thoroughly with soap to avoid infection. Wash hands afterwards as well. If the bite is not bleeding severely, wash the wound thoroughly with mild soap and running water for 3 to 5 minutes. Then cover the bite with antibiotic ointment and a clean dressing.
Causes
Most animal bites come from pets. Dog bites are common and most often happen to children. Compared with adults, children are much more likely to be bitten on the face, head, or neck.
Cat bites are less common but have a higher risk for infection. Cat teeth are longer and sharper, which can cause deeper puncture wounds. Most other animal bites are caused by stray or wild animals, such as skunks, raccoons, foxes, and bats.
Bites that cause a puncture wound are more likely to become infected. Some animals are infected with a virus that can cause rabies. Rabies is rare but can be deadly.
Symptoms
Pain, bleeding, numbness and tingling may occur with any animal bite.
The bite may also result in:
- Breaks or major cuts in the skin, with or without bleeding
- Bruising (discoloration of the skin)
- Crushing injuries that can cause severe tissue tears and scarring
- Puncture wounds
- Tendon or joint injury resulting in decreased motion and function of the injured tissue
Wound Care
Because of the risk for infection, you should see a health care provider within 24 hours for any bite that breaks the skin. If you are caring for someone who was bitten:
- Calm and reassure the person.
- Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before treating the wound.
- If the wound is bleeding, put on latex gloves if you have them.
- Wash your hands again afterward.
To care for the wound:
- Stop the wound from bleeding by applying direct pressure with a clean, dry cloth.
- Wash the wound. Use mild soap and warm, running water. Rinse the bite for 3 to 5 minutes.
- Apply an antibacterial ointment to the wound. This may help reduce the risk for infection.
- Put on a dry, sterile bandage.
- If the bite is on the neck, head, face, hand, fingers, or feet, call your provider right away.
For deeper wounds, you may need stitches. The provider may give you a tetanus shot if you have not had one in the last 5 years. You may also need to take antibiotics. If there is an infection that has spread, you may receive antibiotics through a vein (IV). For a bad bite, you may need surgery to repair the damage.
When to Call Animal Control
You should call animal control or your local police if you are bitten by:
- An animal that behaves in an odd way
- An unknown pet or a pet that has not had a rabies vaccination
- A stray or wild animal
Tell them what the animal looks like and where it is. They will decide whether the animal needs to be captured and isolated.
Possible Complications
Most animal bites will heal without developing infection or decreased tissue function. Some wounds will require surgery to properly clean and close, and even some minor bites may need stitches. Deep or extensive bites may result in significant scarring.
Complications from bite wounds include:
- An infection that spreads quickly
- Damage to tendons or joints
An animal bite is more likely to become infected in people who have:
- Weakened immune systems due to medicines or disease
- Diabetes
- Peripheral arterial disease (arteriosclerosis, or poor circulation)
Getting a rabies shot right after you are bitten can protect you from the disease.
How to Prevent Animal Bites
To prevent animal bites:
- Teach children not to approach strange animals.
- Do not provoke or tease animals.
- Do not go near an animal that is acting strangely or aggressively. It may have rabies. Do not try to catch the animal yourself.
When to Call the Doctor
Wild animals and unknown pets could be carrying rabies. If you have been bitten by a wild or stray animal, contact your provider right away. See your provider within 24 hours for any bite that breaks the skin.
Call your provider or go to the emergency room if:
- There is swelling, redness, or pus draining from the wound.
- The bite is on the head, face, neck, hands, or feet.
- The bite is deep or large.
- You see exposed muscle or bone.
- You are not sure if the wound needs stitches.
- The bleeding does not stop after a few minutes. For serious bleeding, call 911 or the local emergency number.
- You have not had a tetanus shot in 5 years.
References
Eilbert WP. Mammalian bites. In: Walls RM, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 52.
Goldstein EJC, Abrahamian FM. Bites. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 315.
Version Info
Last reviewed on: 4/16/2022
Reviewed by: Jesse Borke, MD, CPE, FAAEM, FACEP, Attending Physician at Kaiser Permanente, Orange County, CA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
