Prediabetes
Impaired fasting glucose - prediabetes; Impaired glucose tolerance - prediabetes
Type 1 diabetes usually begins in childhood, and type 2 diabetes typically begins in adulthood. Type 2 diabetes is becoming more common due to the growing number of older Americans and an increasing trend toward obesity and a sedentary lifestyle. Without proper management of diabetes, long-term health risks such as heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure can occur.
About Prediabetes
Your body gets energy from the glucose in your blood. A hormone called insulin helps the cells in your body use glucose. If you have prediabetes, this process does not work as well. Glucose builds up in your bloodstream. If the levels get high enough, it means you have developed type 2 diabetes.
If you are at risk for diabetes, your health care provider will test your blood sugar using one or more of the following tests. Any of the following test results indicate prediabetes:
- Fasting blood glucose of 100 to 125 mg/dL (called impaired fasting glucose)
- Blood glucose of 140 to 199 mg/dL 2 hours after taking 75 grams of glucose (called impaired glucose tolerance)
- A1C level of 5.7% to 6.4%
Having diabetes increases the risk for certain health problems. This is because high glucose levels in the blood can damage the blood vessels and nerves. This can lead to heart disease and stroke. If you have prediabetes, damage may already be occurring in your blood vessels.
Having prediabetes is a wake-up call to take action to improve your health.
How to Help Prevent Diabetes
Your provider will talk with you about your condition and your risks from prediabetes. To help you prevent diabetes, your provider will likely suggest certain lifestyle changes:
- Eat healthy foods. This includes whole grains, lean proteins, low-fat dairy, and plenty of vegetables. Watch portion sizes and avoid sweets, fried foods, and excessive amount of fruits.
- Lose weight. Just a small weight loss can make a big difference in your health. For example, your provider may suggest that you lose about 5% to 7% of your body weight. So, if you weigh 200 pounds (90 kilograms), to lose 7% your goal would be to lose about 14 pounds (6.3 kilograms). Your provider may suggest a diet, or you can join a program to help you lose weight.
- Get more exercise. Aim to get at least 30 to 60 minutes of moderate exercise at least 5 days a week. This can include brisk walking, riding your bike, or swimming. You can also break up exercise into smaller sessions throughout the day. Take the stairs instead of the elevator. Even small amounts of activity count toward your weekly goal.
- Take medicines as directed. Your provider may prescribe metformin to reduce the chance that your prediabetes will progress to diabetes. Depending on your other risk factors for heart disease, your provider may also prescribe medicines to lower your blood cholesterol level or blood pressure.
Risk Factors
You can't tell that you have prediabetes because it has no symptoms. The only way to know is through a blood test. Your provider will test your blood sugar if you are at risk for diabetes. The risk factors for prediabetes are the same as those for type 2 diabetes.
You should get tested for prediabetes if you are age 35 or older. If you are younger than 35, ask your provider if you should get tested if you are overweight or obese and have one or more of these risk factors:
- A previous diabetes test showing diabetes risk
- A parent, sibling, or child with a history of diabetes
- Inactive lifestyle and lack of regular exercise
- African American, Hispanic/Latin American, American Indian and Alaska Native or Pacific Islander ethnicity
- Asian-American with body mass index of 23 kg per square meter or more
- High blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg or higher)
- Low HDL (good) cholesterol or high triglycerides
- History of heart disease
- History of diabetes during pregnancy (gestational diabetes)
- Health conditions associated with insulin resistance (polycystic ovary syndrome, acanthosis nigricans, severe obesity)
Follow-Up Testing
If your blood test results show that you have prediabetes, your provider may suggest that you be retested once each year. If your results are normal, your provider may suggest getting retested every 3 years.
References
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 3. Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes and Associated Comorbidities: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(Suppl 1):S39-S45. PMID: 34964876
Kahn CR, Ferris HA, O’Neill BT. Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In: Melmed S, Auchus RJ, Goldfine AB, Koenig RJ, Rosen CJ, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 34.
US Preventive Services Task Force. Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: screening.
Version Info
Last reviewed on: 1/18/2022
Reviewed by: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
