Snoring is the sound produced by obstructed breathing during sleep. People who snore have an increased risk of high blood pressure , heart disease , and stroke . More study is needed to determine whether those snorers at risk for more serious problems are people who have actual pauses in breathing while snoring, called sleep apnea .

Snoring results when air cannot move freely through the air passages at the back of the mouth and nose. This causes vibration of the roof of the mouth and uvula (part of the soft palate), which creates the snoring sound. The smaller the airway, the more obstruction, and the louder the snoring. This airway obstruction can be caused by:

• Decreased muscle tone in the tongue and throat
• Enlarged tonsils, adenoids, or other obstructions (ie, tumors or cysts)
• Excessive tissue around the throat due to obesity
• Structural factors
  • A long soft palate (roof of the mouth)
  • A long uvula
  • Deformities of the nose or nasal septum
  • Small chin, overbite, or high palate (in women)
• Congested nasal passages from a cold , flu , sinus infection , or allergies

A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition.

• Sex: male
• Being overweight
• Age: Over 50
• Family history
• Use of drugs (central nervous system depressants) or alcohol that act as respiratory depressants
• Lying on back while sleeping
• Nasal obstruction (due to a cold, sinus infection, allergy, enlarged adenoids, or injury that has displaced the nasal cartilage or bones)

The main symptom of snoring is noisy breathing during sleep.

The following symptoms may indicate that obstructive sleep apnea is causing the snoring:

While sleeping:

• Gasping
• Choking
• Long pauses in breathing
• Sudden awakening

While awake:

• Sleepiness and fatigue during the day
• Slowness in mental functioning
• Headaches

If your snoring is severe, the doctor will want to make sure you do not have obstructive sleep apnea. Diagnosis may involve:

• Physical exam of the throat, neck, mouth, and nose
• A sleep study in a laboratory to determine how the snoring disrupts your sleep

In cases of snoring without sleep apnea, lifestyle changes may alleviate symptoms. More severe cases may require surgery or devices.

Changes that may help stop snoring include:

• If you are overweight, lose weight.
• Exercise to improve muscle tone
• Avoid drinking alcohol or taking sedatives.
• Sleep on your side rather than on your back. Try taping a marble or tennis ball to your back before going to bed to prevent rolling onto your back.
• Treat causes of nasal congestion (eg, allergies or colds).
• Raise the head of the bed up about four inches. Use extra pillows or put something under the mattress.

During surgery, a laser or scalpel can be used to remove excess tissue that is blocking the airway. This type of surgery is called uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP). Treatment by laser surgery requires a series of surgeries and is usually reserved for severe and disruptive cases of snoring. In case of life threatening obstructive sleep apnea that has failed other treatments, a tracheostomy may need to be done. In this type of surgery, an opening is made in your neck and a small tube is inserted. More studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the surgical approaches.

Devices that can open airways during sleep include:

• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) involves wearing a mask-like nasal device during sleep that maintains continuous air pressure in the nose and upper throat to keep it open. It is more commonly used for people with obstructive sleep apnea.
• Dental devices are put into the mouth during sleep to position the soft palate for better breathing.
• Nasal strips help widen nasal passages.

Modafinil (Provigil) may be used in patients who have some residual sleepiness during the day and are treated with CPAP at night.